Data to 6 October 2026
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Is the world helping or hurting Indian shares?

The world economy, by the numbers

Inflation is more than a point above target in 8 of 14 economies. 7 of 14 central banks have rates below where they were a year ago, and 6 have raised them. India grew 7.8% in Q2 2026, the fastest of the fourteen, with inflation at 4.8%.

Written for investors who want the world economy's numbers in one place. Data to 6 Oct 2026.

What the numbers say

Six readings across all fourteen economies, each computed from the data below.

Inflation is more than a point above target in 8 of 14 economies; China and Japan are below it

Headline inflation, latest month, against each central bank's target. Sorted by the distance from target.

How to read it. The tick is the target, the shaded bar the tolerance band where one is published, the dot the latest reading and the open circle a year earlier. Turkey runs off the scale; its value is printed.

latesta year earliertargettolerance band
  1. Turkey 31.5+26.5 %, target 5%; a year earlier 32.95%
  2. Australia 3.9+1.4 %, target 2.5% (band 2–3%); a year earlier 2.095%
  3. United States 3.4+1.4 %, target 2%; a year earlier 2.916%
  4. South Africa 4.3+1.3 %, target 3% (band 2–4%); a year earlier 3.507%
  5. Euro area 3.2+1.2 %, target 2%; a year earlier 2.036%
  6. Brazil 4.2+1.2 %, target 3% (band 1.5–4.5%); a year earlier 5.131%
  7. United Kingdom 3.1+1.1 %, target 2% (band 1–3%); a year earlier 3.723%
  8. Canada 3.0+1.0 %, target 2% (band 1–3%); a year earlier 1.854%
  9. India 4.8+0.8 %, target 4% (band 2–6%); a year earlier 2.006%
  10. Korea 2.8+0.8 %, target 2%; a year earlier 2.094%
  11. Indonesia 3.2+0.7 %, target 2.5% (band 1.5–3.5%); a year earlier 2.31%
  12. Mexico 3.3+0.3 %, target 3% (band 2–4%); a year earlier 3.569%
  13. Japan 1.9−0.1 %, target 2%; a year earlier 3.196%
  14. China 0.8−1.2 %, target 2%; a year earlier -0.4%
Headline consumer prices, % on a year earlier, latest month. The number after each reading is its distance from target, in percentage points. Targets from each central bank; the Federal Reserve's is for the PCE price index. Source: BIS; India: MoSPI.

7 of 14 central banks have rates below where they were a year ago, and 6 have raised them: the most raising since Jul 2024

Share of the fourteen central banks whose policy rate at month end is above (or below) its level a year earlier, monthly from 2005.

How to read it. When the coloured line rises, more central banks are raising rates. The two lines need not add to 100: a bank that has not moved in a year counts in neither.

Higher than a year earlierLower than a year earlier

Loading chart…

Source: Fetched from the publishers: FRED, IMF (derived figures only), BIS, OECD (CC BY 4.0), World Bank (CC BY 4.0), ECB, Eurostat, ILOSTAT, Bank of England, Bank of Canada, RBA, Japan Ministry of Finance; India from MoSPI and RBI; stock returns from index history
Method JSON

Leading indicators are rising in 8 of 13 economies, within the usual range

Share of the thirteen economies with an OECD leading indicator (none for the euro area) that is higher than three months earlier, monthly from 2005.

How to read it. The leading indicators combine orders, confidence, credit and the yield curve, and tend to turn before output. The shaded band is the usual range since 2005.

Loading chart…

Source: Fetched from the publishers: FRED, IMF (derived figures only), BIS, OECD (CC BY 4.0), World Bank (CC BY 4.0), ECB, Eurostat, ILOSTAT, Bank of England, Bank of Canada, RBA, Japan Ministry of Finance; India from MoSPI and RBI; stock returns from index history
Method JSON

Real policy rates are above zero in 11 of 14 economies; Brazil has the tightest money, Canada the loosest

Policy rate minus the latest inflation rate, percentage points. Above zero, money is tight.

How to read it. The bar is the latest reading; the open circle, a year earlier.

latesta year earlier
  1. Brazil +9.5 pp; a year earlier +9.9 pp
  2. Turkey +5.5 pp; a year earlier +7.5 pp
  3. Mexico +3.2 pp; a year earlier +3.9 pp
  4. South Africa +3.0 pp; a year earlier +3.5 pp
  5. Indonesia +2.6 pp; a year earlier +2.4 pp
  6. China +2.2 pp; a year earlier +3.4 pp
  7. United Kingdom +0.7 pp; a year earlier +0.3 pp
  8. United States +0.5 pp; a year earlier +1.2 pp
  9. India +0.4 pp; a year earlier +3.5 pp
  10. Australia* +0.4 pp; a year earlier +1.5 pp
  11. Korea +0.2 pp; a year earlier +0.4 pp
  12. Japan −0.6 pp; a year earlier −2.7 pp
  13. Euro area −0.7 pp; a year earlier 0.0 pp
  14. Canada −0.8 pp; a year earlier +0.6 pp

Long-term rates are below policy rates in 2 of 11 economies: China and Brazil

10-year government bond yield minus the policy rate, percentage points. China's policy rate is the one BIS records for it. India withheld.

  1. Mexico +2.85 pp
  2. Japan +1.83 pp
  3. Canada +1.71 pp
  4. South Africa +1.70 pp
  5. United Kingdom +1.60 pp
  6. Korea +1.45 pp
  7. United States +1.41 pp
  8. Euro area +1.00 pp
  9. Australia +0.99 pp
  10. China −1.31 pp
  11. Brazil −4.61 pp

Credit is running more than 2 points above its trend, the Basel warning level, in Japan and India

Private credit as a share of GDP minus its long-run trend, percentage points (BIS).

latesta year earlier
  1. Japan +5.7 pp; a year earlier +4.6 pp
  2. India +4.3 pp; a year earlier −5.0 pp
  3. Brazil +0.7 pp; a year earlier +1.7 pp
  4. Indonesia −1.3 pp; a year earlier −1.4 pp
  5. Mexico −3.1 pp; a year earlier −2.4 pp
  6. South Africa −4.3 pp; a year earlier −5.8 pp
  7. China −5.1 pp; a year earlier −4.4 pp
  8. Australia −9.7 pp; a year earlier −13.5 pp
  9. United States −11.3 pp; a year earlier −12.6 pp
  10. Korea −15.1 pp; a year earlier −5.5 pp
  11. Canada −15.3 pp; a year earlier −16.4 pp
  12. Euro area −17.1 pp; a year earlier −19.1 pp
  13. United Kingdom −20.1 pp; a year earlier −22.2 pp
  14. Turkey −24.7 pp; a year earlier −31.1 pp

Sources: BIS (consumer prices, policy rates, credit gaps), OECD (leading indicators, 10-year yields), central banks and debt offices (daily yields), MoSPI and RBI (India). Inflation targets from each central bank.

The headline numbers

The figures most often quoted, side by side. Under each heading is the month or quarter most economies have reached; a cell for a different period says so. ▲▼ is the change on a year earlier.

The headline numbers: latest reading for each economy
Economy GDP growth% y/yQ2 2026Inflation% y/yAug 2026Core inflation% y/yAug 2026Unemployment%Aug 2026Policy rate%28 Sep10-year yield%Sep 2026Currencyvs US$, 1 year, %2 OctStocks1 year, %5 Oct
India +7.8 ▲1.0 4.8 ▲2.8 4.4 ▲0.3 5.0 ▼0.1 5.25 ▼0.3 withheld −7.9 −9.2
United States +2.7 ▲0.6 3.4 ▲0.5 2.4 ▼1.0 4.2 ▼0.2 Sep 2026 3.88 ▼0.3 5.28 ▲1.2 – +15.1
Euro area +1.2 ▼0.2 3.2 ▲1.2 2.5 ▲0.1 Sep 2026 6.4 ▲0.1 2.50 ▲0.5 3.50 ▲0.7 −3.7 +3.6
China +4.3 ▼0.9 0.8 ▲1.2 – 5.6 ▲0.4 Q3 2020, stopped 3.00 1.69 ▼0.2 +6.2 −1.0
Japan +0.7 ▼1.1 1.9 ▼1.3 Jul 2026 1.7 ▼0.1 2.5 ▼0.1 1.25 ▲0.8 3.09 ▲1.4 −6.6 +52.7
United Kingdom +1.4 ▲0.2 3.1 ▼0.6 2.9 ▼1.1 4.9 ▲0.2 Jun 2026 3.75 ▼0.3 5.35 ▲0.6 −1.4 +10.9
Korea +3.8 ▲3.0 2.8 ▲0.7 Jul 2026 3.4 ▲2.1 2.7 ▼0.1 3.00 ▲0.5 4.45 ▲1.6 +4.5 –
Indonesia +5.3 ▲0.2 3.2 ▲0.9 – 4.3 ▲0.8 Q3 2023, stopped 5.75 ▲1.0 7.01 ▲0.4 Dec 2024, stopped −6.9 –
Brazil +1.9 ▼0.7 4.2 ▼0.9 – 6.0 ▼0.9 Q1 2026 13.75 ▼1.3 9.14 ▲0.2 +2.8 –
Mexico +1.9 ▲1.1 3.3 ▼0.3 4.1 2.7 ▲0.1 6.50 ▼1.0 9.35 ▲0.6 +1.6 –
South Africa +0.9 ▼0.1 4.3 ▲0.8 Jul 2026 3.4 ▼1.1 Dec 2024, stopped 32.0 ▼1.1 Q2 2026 7.25 ▲0.3 8.95 ▼0.9 +3.9 –
Turkey +2.6 ▼1.7 31.5 ▼1.4 30.0 ▼3.5 7.8 ▼0.8 37.00 ▼3.5 – −15.2 –
Australia +2.1 ▲0.2 3.9 ▲1.8 Jun 2026 3.5 ▲0.7 4.6 ▲0.4 4.35 ▲0.7 5.34 ▲1.0 +5.5 −3.4
Canada +1.1 ▼0.9 3.0 ▲1.2 1.9 ▼0.6 6.4 ▼0.7 2.25 ▼0.3 3.96 ▲0.8 −2.0 –

Sources: MoSPI and RBI (India), BEA (US GDP), BIS, OECD, Eurostat, central banks and debt offices, index history.

Growth and jobs

Output, factories, shops, exports and jobs, and the surveys that tend to move first.

Growth and jobs: latest reading for each economy
Economy GDP growth% y/yQ2 2026Industrial production% y/yJul 2026Retail salesvolume, % y/yJul 2026Exports3 months, US$, % y/yJun 2026Unemployment%Aug 2026Leading indicator100 = trendAug 2026Business confidence100 = averageAug 2026Consumer confidence100 = averageAug 2026
India +7.8 ▲1.0 +7.9 ▲2.9 Aug 2026 – +19.2 ▲17.6 5.0 ▼0.1 101.6 ▲1.6 95.4 ▼3.3 Feb 2026 101.3 ▼1.4 Jun 2026
United States +2.7 ▲0.6 +1.4 ▲0.2 Aug 2026 +1.6 ▲0.6 +14.9 ▲8.4 4.2 ▼0.2 Sep 2026 101.0 ▲1.3 100.4 ▲1.4 96.5 ▼0.6
Euro area +1.2 ▼0.2 −0.2 ▼1.9 +0.8 ▼2.1 – 6.4 ▲0.1 – 99.9 ▲0.9 98.5 ▼0.5
China +4.3 ▼0.9 –– +20.0 ▲14.0 5.6 ▲0.4 Q3 2020, stopped 98.1 ▼2.0 98.4 ▲0.1 95.4 ▲0.1 Jul 2026
Japan +0.7 ▼1.1 +3.6 ▲5.0 −1.2 ▲0.5 Jun 2026 +5.6 ▼2.1 2.5 ▼0.1 100.3 ▲0.7 101.4 ▲0.5 Jun 2026 98.4 ▲0.2
United Kingdom +1.4 ▲0.2 +0.6 ▲0.6 +2.7 ▲1.1 Aug 2026 +9.7 ▲0.7 4.9 ▲0.2 Jun 2026 101.1 ▲0.1 99.1 ▲0.1 100.4 ▲0.8
Korea +3.8 ▲3.0 +5.5 ▼1.9 −0.7 ▼3.3 +57.4 ▲55.3 2.7 ▼0.1 102.9 ▲3.3 99.6 ▲1.1 100.6 ▼0.8
Indonesia +5.3 ▲0.2 +2.2 ▲1.9 Jun 2026 – +10.9 ▲1.5 4.3 ▲0.8 Q3 2023, stopped 98.9 ▼1.9 99.0 Jun 2026 100.7 Jul 2026
Brazil +1.9 ▼0.7 +0.1 ▼0.1 +0.9 ▼0.2 +14.5 ▲14.9 6.0 ▼0.9 Q1 2026 102.6 ▲2.6 99.6 ▲0.5 99.8 ▼0.1
Mexico +1.9 ▲1.1 +2.4 ▲4.9 +2.0 ▼0.2 +30.7 ▲25.8 2.7 ▲0.1 102.7 ▲2.9 98.4 ▼0.6 Jul 2026 102.8 ▼0.9 Jul 2026
South Africa +0.9 ▼0.1 +0.9 ▲2.7 +2.8 ▼2.6 +21.7 ▲23.3 32.0 ▼1.1 Q2 2026 100.5 ▲0.2 99.5 ▼0.2 Sep 2026 97.6 ▼1.0 Jun 2026
Turkey +2.6 ▼1.7 −0.5 ▼5.2 +12.2 ▼3.3 +10.1 ▲4.4 7.8 ▼0.8 100.5 ▲1.1 99.7 ▲1.0 101.0 ▲2.1
Australia +2.1 ▲0.2 –– +18.5 ▲21.4 4.6 ▲0.4 100.0 ▼0.2 99.7 ▼0.3 May 2026 98.7 ▼0.8
Canada +1.1 ▼0.9 +3.4 ▲5.0 Jun 2026 +2.1 ▼2.6 Jun 2026 +22.6 ▲29.7 6.4 ▼0.7 102.0 ▲2.3 99.6 ▲1.7 Apr 2026 –

Real GDP growth: India fastest of 14; Japan slowest

% on the same quarter a year earlier. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. India +7.8%; a year earlier +6.9%
  2. Indonesia +5.3%; a year earlier +5.1%
  3. China +4.3%; a year earlier +5.2%
  4. Korea +3.8%; a year earlier +0.8%
  5. United States +2.7%; a year earlier +2.1%
  6. Turkey +2.6%; a year earlier +4.3%
  7. Australia +2.1%; a year earlier +1.9%
  8. Mexico +1.9%; a year earlier +0.8%
  9. Brazil +1.9%; a year earlier +2.6%
  10. United Kingdom +1.4%; a year earlier +1.1%
  11. Euro area +1.2%; a year earlier +1.4%
  12. Canada +1.1%; a year earlier +2.0%
  13. South Africa +0.9%; a year earlier +1.0%
  14. Japan +0.7%; a year earlier +1.9%

Industrial production: India strongest of 12; Turkey weakest

% on the same month a year earlier. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. India +7.9%; a year earlier +5.1%
  2. Korea +5.5%; a year earlier +7.3%
  3. Japan +3.6%; a year earlier −1.5%
  4. Canada* +3.4%; a year earlier −1.6%
  5. Mexico +2.4%; a year earlier −2.5%
  6. Indonesia* +2.2%; a year earlier +0.3%
  7. United States +1.4%; a year earlier +1.2%
  8. South Africa +0.9%; a year earlier −1.8%
  9. United Kingdom +0.6%; a year earlier 0.0%
  10. Brazil +0.1%; a year earlier +0.2%
  11. Euro area −0.2%; a year earlier +1.6%
  12. Turkey −0.5%; a year earlier +4.7%

Exports in dollars: Korea strongest, Japan weakest; India sixth of 13

Latest three months against the same months a year earlier, %. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. Korea +57.4%; a year earlier +2.1%
  2. Mexico +30.7%; a year earlier +4.9%
  3. Canada +22.6%; a year earlier −7.1%
  4. South Africa +21.7%; a year earlier −1.6%
  5. China +20.0%; a year earlier +6.0%
  6. India +19.2%; a year earlier +1.6%
  7. Australia +18.5%; a year earlier −2.9%
  8. United States +14.8%; a year earlier +6.5%
  9. Brazil +14.5%; a year earlier −0.4%
  10. Indonesia +10.9%; a year earlier +9.4%
  11. Turkey +10.1%; a year earlier +5.7%
  12. United Kingdom +9.7%; a year earlier +8.9%
  13. Japan +5.6%; a year earlier +7.7%

Unemployment: South Africa highest, Japan lowest; India sixth of 12

% of the labour force; national definitions. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. South Africa 32.0%; a year earlier 33.0%
  2. Turkey 7.8%; a year earlier 8.6%
  3. Euro area 6.4%; a year earlier 6.3%
  4. Canada 6.4%; a year earlier 7.1%
  5. Brazil* 6.0%; a year earlier 7.0%
  6. India 5.0%; a year earlier 5.1%
  7. United Kingdom* 4.9%; a year earlier 4.7%
  8. Australia 4.6%; a year earlier 4.2%
  9. United States 4.2%; a year earlier 4.4%
  10. Mexico 2.7%; a year earlier 2.7%
  11. Korea 2.7%; a year earlier 2.8%
  12. Japan 2.5%; a year earlier 2.6%

Real GDP growth by economy

% on a year earlier, quarterly from mid-2022, shared scale.

How to read it. India is the dark line. Read direction over the last four quarters.

Loading chart…

Source: Fetched from the publishers: FRED, IMF (derived figures only), BIS, OECD (CC BY 4.0), World Bank (CC BY 4.0), ECB, Eurostat, ILOSTAT, Bank of England, Bank of Canada, RBA, Japan Ministry of Finance; India from MoSPI and RBI; stock returns from index history
JSON

Sources: OECD (GDP, production, retail, surveys), IMF trade statistics (derived), MoSPI (India), BEA (US GDP), ILOSTAT and Eurostat (unemployment).

Prices

Consumer, core and producer prices. Turkey, with inflation near 30%, is in the table but left off the charts so the others can be read.

Prices: latest reading for each economy
Economy Inflation% y/yAug 2026Core inflation% y/yAug 2026Producer prices% y/yAug 2026Expected inflationnext 12 months, %Sep 2026
India 4.8 ▲2.8 4.4 ▲0.3 −8.9 ▼11.6 May 2020, stopped –
United States 3.4 ▲0.5 2.4 ▼1.0 +9.9 ▲7.2 2.6 ▼0.2
Euro area 3.2 ▲1.2 2.5 ▲0.1 Sep 2026 +7.3 ▲8.0 –
China 0.8 ▲1.2 – −0.7 ▼4.4 Dec 2022, stopped –
Japan 1.9 ▼1.3 Jul 2026 1.7 ▼0.1 +1.5 ▼1.5 Dec 2018, stopped –
United Kingdom 3.1 ▼0.6 2.9 ▼1.1 −1.1 ▼123 Dec 2022, stopped –
Korea 2.8 ▲0.7 Jul 2026 3.4 ▲2.1 +9.7 ▲3.7 Apr 2022, stopped –
Indonesia 3.2 ▲0.9 –––
Brazil 4.2 ▼0.9 – +9.9 ▲16.2 Mar 2025, stopped –
Mexico 3.3 ▼0.3 4.1 −0.9 ▼11.2 Jun 2023, stopped –
South Africa 4.3 ▲0.8 Jul 2026 3.4 ▼1.1 Dec 2024, stopped +3.0 ▲0.6 Nov 2020, stopped –
Turkey 31.5 ▼1.4 30.0 ▼3.5 +2.3 ▼75.2 Dec 2022, stopped –
Australia 3.9 ▲1.8 Jun 2026 3.5 ▲0.7 +3.6 ▲4.8 Feb 2021, stopped –
Canada 3.0 ▲1.2 1.9 ▼0.6 −1.1 ▼1.6 Dec 2022, stopped –

Core inflation: India highest of 9; Japan lowest

Excluding food and energy (India: food and fuel), % y/y. Turkey left out. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. India 4.4%; a year earlier 4.1%
  2. Mexico 4.1%; a year earlier 4.1%
  3. Australia 3.5%; a year earlier 2.9%
  4. Korea 3.4%; a year earlier 1.3%
  5. United Kingdom 2.9%; a year earlier 4.0%
  6. Euro area 2.5%; a year earlier 2.4%
  7. United States 2.4%; a year earlier 3.4%
  8. Canada 1.9%; a year earlier 2.5%
  9. Japan 1.7%; a year earlier 1.8%

Consumer price inflation by economy

% y/y, monthly from 2018, shared scale. Turkey left out.

How to read it. The 2021–23 surge and its unwinding. India is the dark line.

Loading chart…

Source: Fetched from the publishers: FRED, IMF (derived figures only), BIS, OECD (CC BY 4.0), World Bank (CC BY 4.0), ECB, Eurostat, ILOSTAT, Bank of England, Bank of Canada, RBA, Japan Ministry of Finance; India from MoSPI and RBI; stock returns from index history
JSON

Sources: BIS (headline CPI), OECD and Eurostat (core), FRED, Eurostat and IMF (producer prices), MoSPI (India), Cleveland Fed (US expectations).

Interest rates and money

What central banks set, what government bonds pay, and how fast money and credit grow. Indian bond yields are not shown on tipsheet.

Interest rates and money: latest reading for each economy
Economy Policy rate%28 SepReal policy rateminus inflation, ppAug 20262-year yield%5 Oct10-year yield%Sep 2026Central bank assets% y/y30 SepMoney supply% y/yAug 2026Credit gapvs trend, ppQ1 2026
India 5.25 ▼0.3 +0.4 ▼3.1 withheldwithheld–– +4.3 ▲9.3
United States 3.88 ▼0.3 +0.5 ▼0.7 4.83 ▲1.3 5.28 ▲1.2 +2.0 ▲9.1 +5.7 ▲1.4 −11.3 ▲1.3
Euro area 2.50 ▲0.5 −0.7 ▼0.7 3.00 ▲1.0 3.50 ▲0.7 −2.9 ▲2.9 +3.5 ▲0.6 −17.1 ▲2.0
China 3.00 +2.2 ▼1.2 – 1.69 ▼0.2 –– −5.1 ▼0.7
Japan 1.25 ▲0.8 −0.6 ▲2.0 Jul 2026 1.91 ▲1.0 3.09 ▲1.4 −11.0 ▼5.6 – +5.7 ▲1.1
United Kingdom 3.75 ▼0.3 +0.7 ▲0.4 – 5.35 ▲0.6 –– −20.1 ▲2.1
Korea 3.00 ▲0.5 +0.2 ▼0.2 Jul 2026 – 4.45 ▲1.6 –– −15.1 ▼9.6
Indonesia 5.75 ▲1.0 +2.6 ▲0.1 – 7.01 ▲0.4 Dec 2024, stopped –– −1.3 ▲0.1
Brazil 13.75 ▼1.3 +9.5 ▼0.3 – 9.14 ▲0.2 –– +0.7 ▼1.0
Mexico 6.50 ▼1.0 +3.2 ▼0.7 – 9.35 ▲0.6 –– −3.1 ▼0.7
South Africa 7.25 ▲0.3 +3.0 ▼0.5 Jul 2026 – 8.95 ▼0.9 –– −4.3 ▲1.5
Turkey 37.00 ▼3.5 +5.5 ▼2.1 –––– −24.7 ▲6.4
Australia 4.35 ▲0.7 +0.4 ▼1.1 Jun 2026 4.94 ▲1.4 5.34 ▲1.0 –– −9.7 ▲3.8
Canada 2.25 ▼0.3 −0.8 ▼1.4 3.26 ▲0.8 3.96 ▲0.8 –– −15.3 ▲1.2

Policy rates: Brazil highest, Japan lowest; India fifth of 13

% a year. Turkey (37%) left out. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. Brazil 13.75%; a year earlier 15.00%
  2. South Africa 7.25%; a year earlier 7.00%
  3. Mexico 6.50%; a year earlier 7.50%
  4. Indonesia 5.75%; a year earlier 4.75%
  5. India 5.25%; a year earlier 5.50%
  6. Australia 4.35%; a year earlier 3.60%
  7. United States 3.88%; a year earlier 4.13%
  8. United Kingdom 3.75%; a year earlier 4.00%
  9. China 3.00%; a year earlier 3.00%
  10. Korea 3.00%; a year earlier 2.50%
  11. Euro area 2.50%; a year earlier 2.00%
  12. Canada 2.25%; a year earlier 2.50%
  13. Japan 1.25%; a year earlier 0.50%

Policy rates by economy

% a year, month end, from 2015, shared scale. Turkey left out.

How to read it. Who raised, who cut, and when. India is the dark line.

Loading chart…

Source: Fetched from the publishers: FRED, IMF (derived figures only), BIS, OECD (CC BY 4.0), World Bank (CC BY 4.0), ECB, Eurostat, ILOSTAT, Bank of England, Bank of Canada, RBA, Japan Ministry of Finance; India from MoSPI and RBI; stock returns from index history
JSON

Sources: BIS and RBI (policy rates), US Treasury, ECB, Japan MoF, Bank of England, RBA, Bank of Canada and OECD (yields), FRED and ECB (balance sheets, money), BIS (credit gaps).

Currencies and stock markets

Each currency's change is its value in US dollars over the past year; below zero, it weakened. Stock markets are price returns in local currency.

Currencies and stock markets: latest reading for each economy
Economy Currencyvs US$, 1 year, %2 OctReal exchange rate2020 = 100Aug 2026Stock market1 year, %5 Oct10-year yield%Sep 2026
India −7.9 90.1 ▼7.1 −9.2 withheld
United States – 106.7 ▼1.2 +15.1 5.28 ▲1.2
Euro area −3.7 103.3 ▼1.0 +3.6 3.50 ▲0.7
China +6.2 91.8 ▲5.0 −1.0 1.69 ▼0.2
Japan −6.6 66.0 ▼6.5 +52.7 3.09 ▲1.4
United Kingdom −1.4 112.3 ▼0.3 +10.9 5.35 ▲0.6
Korea +4.5 89.9 ▼0.8 – 4.45 ▲1.6
Indonesia −6.9 87.8 ▼8.3 – 7.01 ▲0.4 Dec 2024, stopped
Brazil +2.8 116.5 ▲6.1 – 9.14 ▲0.2
Mexico +1.6 142.0 ▲12.0 – 9.35 ▲0.6
South Africa +3.9 115.0 ▲11.6 – 8.95 ▼0.9
Turkey −15.2 108.1 ▲8.5 ––
Australia +5.5 116.1 ▲10.0 −3.4 5.34 ▲1.0
Canada −2.0 96.3 ▼1.7 – 3.96 ▲0.8

Currencies against the dollar: China strongest, Turkey weakest; India twelfth of 13

Change in value in US dollars over the past year, %. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. China +6.2%; a year earlier −1.4%
  2. Australia +5.5%; a year earlier −4.5%
  3. Korea +4.5%; a year earlier −6.1%
  4. South Africa +3.9%; a year earlier −0.1%
  5. Brazil +2.8%; a year earlier +1.3%
  6. Mexico +1.6%; a year earlier +4.8%
  7. United Kingdom −1.4%; a year earlier +1.1%
  8. Canada −2.0%; a year earlier −3.5%
  9. Euro area −3.7%; a year earlier +5.8%
  10. Japan −6.6%; a year earlier −0.9%
  11. Indonesia −6.9%; a year earlier −6.3%
  12. India −7.9%; a year earlier −5.6%
  13. Turkey −15.2%; a year earlier −17.8%

Stock markets: Japan best; India worst of 7

Price return over the past year in local currency, %. Seven economies have no index in our data yet. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. Japan +52.7%; a year earlier +18.6%
  2. United States +15.1%; a year earlier +18.9%
  3. United Kingdom +10.9%; a year earlier +13.7%
  4. Euro area +3.6%; a year earlier +28.2%
  5. China −1.0%; a year earlier +16.4%
  6. Australia −3.4%; a year earlier +9.6%
  7. India −9.2%; a year earlier +0.3%

Currencies against the dollar, change over a year

% change in value in US dollars, month end, from 2015.

How to read it. Below zero, weaker than a year before. India is the dark line.

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Source: Fetched from the publishers: FRED, IMF (derived figures only), BIS, OECD (CC BY 4.0), World Bank (CC BY 4.0), ECB, Eurostat, ILOSTAT, Bank of England, Bank of Canada, RBA, Japan Ministry of Finance; India from MoSPI and RBI; stock returns from index history
JSON

Sources: Federal Reserve H.10 and ECB (currencies), BIS (real exchange rates), index history (returns only).

Reserve currencies

What the world's central banks hold their foreign exchange reserves in, from the IMF's quarterly survey (COFER), Q1 1999 to Q2 2026. Shares are of the reserves whose currency is reported, which is now nearly all of them.

The dollar's share of world reserves has fallen from 71% to 57% since 1999. The euro's has barely moved, from 18% to 21%; smaller currencies took the rest, from 2% to 13%

Share of allocated foreign exchange reserves, % at quarter end, Q1 1999 to Q2 2026. "All other currencies" includes the renminbi, Australian and Canadian dollars, Swiss franc and the rest.

How to read it. Each band is one currency's share of the total, so the bands always fill the height. Watch the dollar's band thin and the top band widen.

US dollarEuroJapanese yenPound sterlingAll other currencies

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Source: IMF, Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER), derived shares; exchange rates: Federal Reserve H.10 via FRED
Method JSON

At today's exchange rates, the dollar's share has fallen 9.5 points since mid-2014, against the 4.6 points reported

US dollar's share of allocated reserves, %, quarterly. The coloured line revalues every quarter's holdings at the latest quarter's exchange rates, so it moves only when central banks change what they hold.

How to read it. When the dollar strengthens, euro and yen holdings shrink in dollar terms and the reported share rises without any central bank buying dollars. The gap between the lines is that valuation effect; the coloured line is the change in holdings.

At today's exchange ratesAs reported

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Source: IMF, Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER), derived shares; exchange rates: Federal Reserve H.10 via FRED
Method JSON

Inside "all other currencies": the renminbi peaked at 2.9% in Q4 2021 and is 2.1% now; unnamed currencies grew most

Share of allocated reserves, %, quarterly from Q4 2016, when the IMF began reporting the renminbi; shared scale. The Swiss franc (0.3%) is in the table below.

How to read it. The smaller currencies taken one at a time. 'Other currencies' are those the IMF does not name, such as the Korean won, Singapore dollar and Nordic currencies.

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Source: IMF, Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER), derived shares; exchange rates: Federal Reserve H.10 via FRED
Method JSON
Currency shares of allocated reserves, %: the first year-end of the euro (Q4 1999), the first quarter the renminbi was reported (Q4 2016) and the latest (Q2 2026). Change in percentage points.
CurrencyQ4 1999Q4 2016Q2 2026Change since Q4 2016More
US dollar71.064.756.7−8.0 pp
Euro17.918.920.6+1.7 pp
Japanese yen6.44.05.0+1.0 pp
Pound sterling2.94.74.6−0.1 pp
Renminbi–1.02.1+1.1 pp
Australian dollar–1.92.2+0.4 pp
Canadian dollar–2.12.5+0.3 pp
Swiss franc0.20.20.3+0.1 pp
Other currencies1.62.66.1+3.5 pp

Sources: IMF, Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (shares, derived); Federal Reserve H.10 via FRED (exchange rates). A blank means the IMF did not yet report that currency separately.

Trade and the external balance

What each economy earns from the world and what it pays. IMF figures appear only as changes and sums, under its terms.

Trade and the external balance: latest reading for each economy
Economy Current account4 quarters, US$ bnQ2 2026Goods trade balance12 months, US$ bnJun 2026Exports3 months, % y/yJun 2026FX reserves% y/yAug 2026
India −28 ▼6.4 −350 ▼60.5 +19.2 ▲17.6 +0.4 ▼2.7 Jul 2026
United States −945 ▲395 −1,049 ▲301 +14.9 ▲8.4 +25.9 ▼1.5
Euro area ––––
China +824 ▲192 +1,188 ▲44.3 +20.0 ▲14.0 +4.4 ▼0.6 Jun 2026
Japan +230 ▲32.2 Q1 2026 −4 ▲24.3 +5.6 ▼2.1 −8.8 ▼16.0
United Kingdom −126 ▼14.1 Q1 2026 −348 ▼54.3 +9.7 ▲0.7 +7.0 ▼4.4
Korea +266 ▲160 +188 ▲132 +57.4 ▲55.3 +4.7 ▲4.5 Jul 2026
Indonesia −14 ▼8.2 +37 ▲2.8 +10.9 ▲1.5 −2.6 ▼3.0
Brazil −59 ▲21.0 +62 ▲15.5 +14.5 ▲14.9 +6.5 ▲11.5
Mexico −1 ▲9.0 −35 ▲9.6 +30.7 ▲25.8 +6.8 ▼1.1
South Africa −1 ▲2.1 +7 ▲2.2 +21.7 ▲23.3 +8.3 ▼3.3
Turkey −39 ▼14.7 −96 ▼6.7 +10.1 ▲4.4 +3.8 ▼16.1
Australia −64 ▼20.6 +7 ▼23.4 +18.5 ▲21.4 +12.7 ▲9.0
Canada −5 ▲17.4 −34 ▼7.6 +22.6 ▲29.7 −0.4 ▼1.8

Foreign exchange reserves: United States growing fastest, Japan weakest; India tenth of 13

Including gold at market value, % on a year earlier. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. United States +25.9%; a year earlier +27.4%
  2. Australia +12.7%; a year earlier +3.7%
  3. South Africa +8.3%; a year earlier +11.6%
  4. United Kingdom +7.0%; a year earlier +11.3%
  5. Mexico +6.8%; a year earlier +7.9%
  6. Brazil +6.5%; a year earlier −5.0%
  7. Korea +4.7%; a year earlier +0.1%
  8. China* +4.4%; a year earlier +5.0%
  9. Turkey +3.8%; a year earlier +19.9%
  10. India +0.4%; a year earlier +3.1%
  11. Canada −0.4%; a year earlier +1.3%
  12. Indonesia −2.6%; a year earlier +0.4%
  13. Japan −8.8%; a year earlier +7.2%

Sources: IMF balance of payments, trade statistics and international liquidity (derived figures only).

Government and debt

Public finances, private debt and housing.

Government and debt: latest reading for each economy
Economy Government debt% of GDPQ1 2026Budget balance% of GDPHouse pricesreal, % y/yQ2 2026Credit gapppQ1 2026
India 84 ▼0.7 −5.3 2022, stopped +1.1 ▲0.9 Q1 2026 +4.3 ▲9.3
United States 117 ▲2.8 −7.3 ▲0.6 2025 −2.6 ▼2.2 −11.3 ▲1.3
Euro area 89 ▲1.6 −2.9 ▲0.1 2025 +2.6 ▼0.5 Q1 2026 −17.1 ▲2.0
China 101 ▲8.4 −7.6 ▼1.1 2025 −7.0 ▼0.6 −5.1 ▼0.7
Japan 194 ▼7.6 −1.0 ▲0.7 2025 +2.4 ▲2.6 Q4 2025 +5.7 ▲1.1
United Kingdom 87 ▲1.4 −5.5 ▲0.7 2025 +0.1 ▲1.5 −20.1 ▲2.1
Korea 45 ▼2.1 −2.5 ▼1.0 2025 −0.5 ▲1.4 −15.1 ▼9.6
Indonesia 41 ▲0.1 −1.6 ▼1.5 2009, stopped −2.2 ▼1.3 −1.3 ▲0.1
Brazil 92 ▲4.0 −5.7 ▲1.2 2024 +0.6 ▲0.5 +0.7 ▼1.0
Mexico 50 ▲3.1 −5.9 ▼1.8 2024 +3.2 ▼1.1 −3.1 ▼0.7
South Africa 79 ▲1.5 −4.4 ▲0.7 2025 +1.2 ▲0.8 −4.3 ▲1.5
Turkey 23 ▼0.2 −2.9 ▲0.3 2025 −5.5 ▼2.9 −24.7 ▲6.4
Australia 53 ▲0.6 −3.9 ▼1.2 2025 +4.2 ▲2.2 −9.7 ▲3.8
Canada 102 ▲3.6 −1.8 ▲0.4 2025 −6.7 ▼2.1 −15.3 ▲1.2

Government debt: Japan highest, Turkey lowest; India eighth of 14

General government, % of GDP. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. Japan 194%; a year earlier 201%
  2. United States 117%; a year earlier 114%
  3. Canada 102%; a year earlier 98%
  4. China 101%; a year earlier 93%
  5. Brazil 92%; a year earlier 88%
  6. Euro area 89%; a year earlier 87%
  7. United Kingdom 87%; a year earlier 85%
  8. India 84%; a year earlier 84%
  9. South Africa 79%; a year earlier 77%
  10. Australia 53%; a year earlier 52%
  11. Mexico 50%; a year earlier 47%
  12. Korea 45%; a year earlier 47%
  13. Indonesia 41%; a year earlier 41%
  14. Turkey 23%; a year earlier 23%

Real house prices: Australia rising fastest, China falling fastest; India sixth of 14

After inflation, % on a year earlier. * = an earlier period than most.

latesta year earlier
  1. Australia +4.2%; a year earlier +1.9%
  2. Mexico +3.2%; a year earlier +4.3%
  3. Euro area +2.6%; a year earlier +3.1%
  4. Japan* +2.4%; a year earlier −0.2%
  5. South Africa +1.2%; a year earlier +0.4%
  6. India +1.1%; a year earlier +0.1%
  7. Brazil +0.6%; a year earlier +0.1%
  8. United Kingdom +0.1%; a year earlier −1.4%
  9. Korea −0.5%; a year earlier −1.9%
  10. Indonesia −2.2%; a year earlier −0.9%
  11. United States −2.6%; a year earlier −0.4%
  12. Turkey −5.5%; a year earlier −2.5%
  13. Canada −6.7%; a year earlier −4.6%
  14. China −7.0%; a year earlier −6.4%

Sources: BIS (debt, house prices, credit gaps), OECD Economic Outlook and World Bank (budget balances; projections excluded).

The workings

Method

Data

Every chart has a table view, a CSV download and a link to its published JSON. Bundles are listed in data status.

Read with